Hanyoyin Jiyya na Ruwa na Masana'antu da Aikace-aikacen Chemical
Fage
Tare da saurin haɓaka masana'antu, mahimmancin kula da ruwa a cikin samar da masana'antu daban-daban yana ƙara bayyana. Maganin ruwa na masana'antu ba kawai muhimmiyar hanyar haɗi ne don tabbatar da ci gaba mai kyau na tsari ba, har ma da ma'auni mai mahimmanci don saduwa da ka'idodin muhalli da bukatun ci gaba mai dorewa.
Nau'in Maganin Ruwa
| Nau'in maganin ruwa | Babban manufar | Babban abubuwan magani | Babban matakai. |
| Raw ruwa pretreatment | Haɗu da buƙatun ruwa na gida ko masana'antu | Ruwan tushen ruwa na halitta | Tace, sedimentation, coagulation. |
| Tsarin maganin ruwa | Haɗu da takamaiman buƙatun tsari | Tsarin masana'antu ruwa | Tausasawa, desalination, deoxygenation. |
| Maganin sanyaya ruwa mai kewayawa | Tabbatar da al'ada aiki na kayan aiki | Ruwan sanyaya mai kewayawa | Dosing magani. |
| Maganin sharar ruwa | Kare muhalli | Ruwan sharar masana'antu | Jiki, sinadarai, magani na halitta. |
| Maganin ruwa da aka sake yin fa'ida | Rage amfani da ruwa mai daɗi | Ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi | Mai kama da maganin sharar gida. |
Sinadaran Maganin Ruwa da Akafi Amfani da su
| Kashi | Sinadaran da aka fi amfani da su | Aiki |
| Wakilin yawo | PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aluminum sulfate, da dai sauransu. | Cire daskararru da aka dakatar da kwayoyin halitta |
| Maganin kashe kwayoyin cuta | kamar TCCA, SDIC, ozone, chlorine dioxide, Calcium Hypochlorite, da dai sauransu | Yana kashe ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ruwa (kamar ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, fungi da protozoa) |
| pH mai daidaitawa | Aminosulfonic acid, NaOH, lemun tsami, sulfuric acid, da dai sauransu. | Daidaita ruwa pH |
| Metal ion cirewa | EDTA, ion musayar guduro | Cire ions masu nauyi (irin su baƙin ƙarfe, jan ƙarfe, gubar, cadmium, mercury, nickel, da sauransu) da sauran ions ƙarfe masu cutarwa a cikin ruwa. |
| Mai hana sikelin | Organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acid | Hana samuwar sikelin ta calcium da ions magnesium. Hakanan yana da wani tasiri na cire ions karfe |
| Deoxidizer | Sodium sulfite, hydrazine, da dai sauransu. | Cire narkar da iskar oxygen don hana lalata iskar oxygen |
| Wakilin tsaftacewa | Citric acid, sulfuric acid, aminosulfonic acid | Cire ma'auni da ƙazanta |
| Oxidants | Ozone, persulfate, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen peroxide, da dai sauransu. | Disinfection, kawar da gurɓataccen abu da inganta ingancin ruwa, da dai sauransu. |
| Masu laushi | kamar lemun tsami da sodium carbonate. | Yana kawar da ions masu taurin (calcium, magnesium ions) kuma yana rage haɗarin samuwar sikelin |
| Defoamers/Antifoam | Danne ko kawar da kumfa | |
| Cire | Calcium Hypochlorite | cire NH₃-N daga ruwan sha domin ya dace da ka'idojin fitarwa |
Za mu iya bayarwa:
Maganin ruwa na masana'antu yana nufin tsarin kula da ruwan masana'antu da kuma fitar da ruwansa ta hanyar jiki, sinadarai, halittu da sauran hanyoyin. Maganin ruwa na masana'antu wani yanki ne da ba makawa a cikin samar da masana'antu, kuma mahimmancinsa yana bayyana a cikin abubuwa masu zuwa:
1.1 Tabbatar da ingancin samfur
Cire ƙazanta a cikin ruwa kamar ions ƙarfe, daskararru da aka dakatar, da sauransu don biyan buƙatun samarwa da tabbatar da ingancin samfur.
Hana lalata: Narkar da iskar oxygen, carbon dioxide, da sauransu a cikin ruwa na iya haifar da lalata kayan ƙarfe da rage rayuwar kayan aiki.
Sarrafa ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta: ƙwayoyin cuta, algae da sauran ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ruwa na iya haifar da gurɓataccen samfur, yana shafar ingancin samfur da amincin lafiya.
1.2 Inganta aikin samarwa
Rage raguwa: Kulawar ruwa na yau da kullun na iya hana haɓakar kayan aiki da lalata, rage yawan gyare-gyaren kayan aiki da sauyawa, don haka inganta ingantaccen samarwa.
Inganta yanayin tsari: Ta hanyar jiyya na ruwa, ana iya samun ingancin ruwa wanda ya dace da buƙatun tsari don tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali na tsarin samarwa.
1.3 Rage farashin samarwa
Ajiye makamashi: Ta hanyar maganin ruwa, ana iya rage yawan amfani da makamashi na kayan aiki kuma ana iya adana farashin samarwa.
Hana ƙwanƙwasa: Ƙunƙarar ions irin su calcium da magnesium ions a cikin ruwa za su samar da sikelin, manne da saman kayan aiki, rage tasirin zafi.
Tsawaita rayuwar kayan aiki: Rage lalata kayan aiki da sikeli, tsawaita rayuwar sabis na kayan aiki, da rage tsadar kayan aiki.
Rage yawan amfani da kayan aiki: Ta hanyar maganin ruwa, ana iya rage sharar gida na biocides kuma ana iya rage farashin samarwa.
Rage amfani da albarkatun kasa: Ta hanyar maganin ruwa, za a iya dawo da sauran albarkatun da ke cikin ruwan sharar gida a mayar da su cikin samarwa, ta yadda za a rage barnar albarkatun kasa da rage farashin samar da kayayyaki.
1.4 Kare muhalli
Rage gurɓataccen hayaƙi: Bayan da aka kula da ruwan sha na masana'antu, za a iya rage yawan gurɓataccen hayaƙi da kuma kare muhallin ruwa.
Gane sake yin amfani da albarkatun ruwa: Ta hanyar kula da ruwa, ana iya sake yin amfani da ruwan masana'antu kuma za'a iya rage dogaro ga albarkatun ruwa.
1.5 Bi dokokin muhalli
Cika ka'idojin fitar da hayaki: Dole ne ruwan sharar masana'antu ya cika ka'idojin fitar da ruwa na kasa da na gida, kuma maganin ruwa wata hanya ce mai mahimmanci don cimma wannan burin.
A taƙaice, kula da ruwa na masana'antu ba wai kawai yana da alaƙa da ingancin samfur da ingancin samarwa ba, har ma da fa'idodin tattalin arziƙi da kare muhalli na kamfanoni. Ta hanyar kimiyya da kula da ruwa mai ma'ana, za a iya cimma mafi kyawun amfani da albarkatun ruwa da kuma ci gaba da ci gaban masana'antu.
Maganin ruwa na masana'antu ya ƙunshi fannoni daban-daban, ciki har da wutar lantarki, sinadarai, magunguna, ƙarfe, masana'antar abinci da abin sha, da sauransu. Tsarin jiyyansa galibi ana keɓance shi bisa ga buƙatun ingancin ruwa da ƙa'idodin fitarwa.
2.1 Magani Mai Tasiri (Tsarin Raw Ruwa)
Raw ruwa pretreatment a masana'antu ruwan magani yafi hada da primary tacewa, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, flotation, disinfection, pH daidaitawa, karfe ion cire da karshe tacewa. Sinadaran da aka fi amfani da su sun haɗa da:
Coagulants da flocculants: kamar PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aluminum sulfate, da dai sauransu.
Masu laushi: irin su lemun tsami da sodium carbonate.
Magungunan: kamar TCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, ozone, chlorine dioxide, da sauransu.
pH masu daidaitawa: kamar aminosulfonic acid, sodium hydroxide, lemun tsami, sulfuric acid, da sauransu.
Metal ion removersEDTA, Ion musayar guduro da dai sauransu,
scale inhibitor: organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acid, da dai sauransu.
Adsorbents: kamar kunna carbon, kunna alumina, da dai sauransu.
Haɗuwa da amfani da waɗannan sinadarai na iya taimakawa aikin kula da ruwa na masana'antu yadda ya kamata ya kawar da abubuwan da aka dakatar da su, gurɓataccen yanayi, ions ƙarfe da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ruwa, tabbatar da cewa ingancin ruwa ya dace da bukatun samarwa, da rage nauyin jiyya na gaba.
2.2 Tsarin Maganin Ruwa
Tsari ruwa magani a masana'antu ruwa magani yafi hada pretreatment, softening, deoxidation, baƙin ƙarfe da manganese kau, desalination, sterilization da disinfection. Kowane mataki yana buƙatar sinadarai daban-daban don haɓaka ingancin ruwa da tabbatar da aikin yau da kullun na kayan aikin masana'antu daban-daban. Sinadaran gama gari sun haɗa da:
| Coagulant da flocculants: | kamar PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aluminum sulfate, da dai sauransu. |
| Masu laushi: | kamar lemun tsami da sodium carbonate. |
| Maganin kashe kwayoyin cuta: | irin su TCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, ozone, chlorine dioxide, da dai sauransu. |
| pH masu daidaitawa: | irin su aminosulfonic acid, sodium hydroxide, lemun tsami, sulfuric acid, da dai sauransu. |
| Masu cire ion ƙarfe: | EDTA, ion musayar guduro |
| Mai hana Sikeli: | organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acid, da dai sauransu. |
| Adsorbents: | kamar kunna carbon, kunna alumina, da dai sauransu. |
Wadannan sinadarai na iya saduwa da bukatun daban-daban na ruwa mai sarrafawa ta hanyar haɗuwa da tsarin kula da ruwa daban-daban, tabbatar da cewa ingancin ruwa ya dace da ka'idojin samarwa, rage haɗarin lalacewar kayan aiki, da kuma inganta ingantaccen samarwa.
2.3 Maganin Ruwa Mai Sanyi Kewaye
Gudanar da kula da ruwan sanyaya wani muhimmin bangare ne na kula da ruwa na masana'antu, musamman a mafi yawan wuraren masana'antu (kamar masana'antar sinadarai, masana'antar wutar lantarki, masana'antar karfe, da sauransu), inda ake amfani da tsarin ruwa mai sanyaya don sanyaya kayan aiki da matakai. Tsarin ruwa mai sanyaya da ke kewayawa yana da sauƙi ga ƙima, lalata, haɓakar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da sauran matsalolin saboda yawan ruwan su da yawan wurare dabam dabam. Don haka, dole ne a yi amfani da ingantattun hanyoyin maganin ruwa don sarrafa waɗannan matsalolin da tabbatar da ingantaccen aiki na tsarin.
Kula da ruwan sanyaya mai kewayawa yana da nufin hana ƙima, lalata da gurɓataccen yanayi a cikin tsarin da tabbatar da ingancin sanyaya. Saka idanu manyan sigogi a cikin ruwa mai sanyaya (kamar pH, taurin, turbidity, narkar da oxygen, microorganisms, da dai sauransu) da kuma nazarin matsalolin ingancin ruwa don maganin da aka yi niyya.
| Coagulant da flocculants: | kamar PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aluminum sulfate, da dai sauransu. |
| Masu laushi: | kamar lemun tsami da sodium carbonate. |
| Maganin kashe kwayoyin cuta: | irin su TCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, ozone, chlorine dioxide, da dai sauransu. |
| pH masu daidaitawa: | irin su aminosulfonic acid, sodium hydroxide, lemun tsami, sulfuric acid, da dai sauransu. |
| Masu cire ion ƙarfe: | EDTA, ion musayar guduro |
| Mai hana Sikeli: | organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acid, da dai sauransu. |
| Adsorbents: | kamar kunna carbon, kunna alumina, da dai sauransu. |
Wadannan sinadarai da hanyoyin magani suna taimakawa hana haɓakar ƙima, lalata, da gurɓataccen ƙwayar cuta, tabbatar da aikin kwanciyar hankali na dogon lokaci na tsarin ruwa mai sanyaya, rage lalacewar kayan aiki da amfani da makamashi, da haɓaka ingantaccen tsarin.
2.4 Maganin Ruwan Ruwa
Za'a iya raba tsarin kula da ruwa na masana'antu zuwa matakai da yawa bisa ga halaye na sharar gida da manufofin magani, yafi ciki har da pretreatment, acid-tushe neutralization, kau da kwayoyin halitta da kuma dakatar da daskararru, matsakaici da kuma ci-gaba magani, disinfection da sterilization, sludge magani. da sake sarrafa ruwa. Kowace hanyar haɗin yanar gizon tana buƙatar nau'ikan sinadarai daban-daban don yin aiki tare don tabbatar da inganci da ingantaccen tsarin kula da ruwa.
An raba maganin sharar gida a masana'antu zuwa manyan hanyoyi guda uku: na zahiri, sinadarai da na halitta, domin cimma ka'idojin fitar da hayaki da rage gurbatar muhalli.
Hanyar jiki:sedimentation, tacewa, flotation, da dai sauransu.
Hanyar sinadarai:neutralization, redox, hazo sinadarai.
Hanyar Halittu:Hanyar sludge mai kunnawa, membrane bioreactor (MBR), da sauransu.
Sinadaran gama gari sun haɗa da:
| Coagulant da flocculants: | kamar PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aluminum sulfate, da dai sauransu. |
| Masu laushi: | kamar lemun tsami da sodium carbonate. |
| Maganin kashe kwayoyin cuta: | irin su TCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, ozone, chlorine dioxide, da dai sauransu. |
| pH masu daidaitawa: | irin su aminosulfonic acid, sodium hydroxide, lemun tsami, sulfuric acid, da dai sauransu. |
| Masu cire ion ƙarfe: | EDTA, ion musayar guduro |
| Mai hana Sikeli: | organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acid, da dai sauransu. |
| Adsorbents: | kamar kunna carbon, kunna alumina, da dai sauransu. |
Ta hanyar amfani da waɗannan sinadarai masu inganci, ana iya kula da ruwan sharar masana'antu da fitar da su daidai da ka'idoji, har ma da sake amfani da su, suna taimakawa wajen rage gurɓacewar muhalli da amfani da albarkatun ruwa.
2.5 Maganin Ruwa da Aka Sake Fa'ida
Maganin ruwa da aka sake fa'ida yana nufin hanyar sarrafa albarkatun ruwa wanda ke sake amfani da ruwan sharar masana'antu bayan jiyya. Tare da karuwar ƙarancin albarkatun ruwa, yawancin masana'antu sun ɗauki matakan gyaran ruwa da aka sake yin amfani da su, wanda ba wai kawai ceton albarkatun ruwa ba ne, har ma yana rage farashin magani da fitarwa. Makullin gyaran ruwa da aka sake yin amfani da shi shine cire gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin ruwan datti ta yadda ingancin ruwan ya dace da buƙatun sake amfani da shi, wanda ke buƙatar ingantaccen aiki da fasaha.
Tsarin sake sarrafa ruwa ya ƙunshi mahimman matakai masu zuwa:
Magani:cire manyan barbashi na ƙazanta da maiko, ta amfani da PAC, PAM, da sauransu.
daidaita pH:daidaita pH, sinadarai da aka saba amfani da su sun haɗa da sodium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, calcium hydroxide, da sauransu.
Maganin Halittu:cire kwayoyin halitta, tallafawa lalata ƙwayoyin cuta, amfani da ammonium chloride, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, da dai sauransu.
Maganin sinadarai:oxidative kau da kwayoyin halitta da nauyi karafa, wanda aka fi amfani da ozone, persulfate, sodium sulfide, da dai sauransu.
Rabuwar gabobin ciki:yi amfani da reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, da fasaha na ultrafiltration don cire abubuwan da aka narkar da su kuma tabbatar da ingancin ruwa.
Kamuwa da cuta:cire microorganisms, amfani da chlorine, ozone, calcium hypochlorite, da dai sauransu.
Kulawa da daidaitawa:Tabbatar cewa ruwan da aka sake amfani da shi ya cika ka'idoji kuma amfani da masu sarrafawa da kayan aikin sa ido don daidaitawa.
Masu cire kumfa:Suna danne ko kawar da kumfa ta hanyar rage tashin hankali na ruwa da lalata kwanciyar hankali na kumfa. (Scenarios aikace-aikace na defoamers: nazarin halittu tsarin kula da, sinadarai jiyya ruwan sharar gida, Pharmaceutical sharar gida magani, abinci sharar gida magani, papermakers da ruwa magani, da dai sauransu).
Calcium hypochlorite:Suna kawar da gurɓataccen abu kamar ammonia nitrogen
Aiwatar da waɗannan matakai da sinadarai suna tabbatar da cewa ingancin ruwan da aka yi da shi ya dace da ka'idojin sake amfani da shi, yana ba da damar yin amfani da shi yadda ya kamata wajen samar da masana'antu.
Maganin ruwa na masana'antu muhimmin bangare ne na samar da masana'antu na zamani. Ana buƙatar inganta tsarin sa da zaɓin sinadarai bisa ga takamaiman buƙatun tsari. Yin amfani da ma'ana na sunadarai ba zai iya inganta tasirin magani kawai ba, amma har ma rage farashi da rage tasirin muhalli. A nan gaba, tare da ci gaban fasaha da inganta abubuwan da ake bukata na kare muhalli, maganin ruwa na masana'antu zai bunkasa a cikin mafi hankali da kuma kore.