Sugar yana ɗaya daga cikin abincin da aka fi ci a duniya, galibi ana samunsa ne daga rake da beets na sukari. Samar da sukari mai inganci tsari ne mai rikitarwa wanda ya ƙunshi matakai da yawa: cirewa, bayyanawa, ƙafewa, lulluɓewa da tacewa. A kowane mataki na sarrafa sukari, ana buƙatar a sarrafa inganci da tsarkin ruwan sukari daidai. Tsarkakakkun abubuwa na halitta, kamar ƙwayoyin colloidal, sunadarai, launuka da ƙananan halittu, na iya yin tasiri sosai ga ingancin haske, tacewa da lulluɓewa.
Sinadarai suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tsarin samar da sukari na zamani. Ba tare da ingantaccen sarrafa sinadarai ba, waɗannan ƙazanta na iya haifar da ƙiba, matsalolin launi da asarar fitarwa. Sinadaran yin sukari ba wai kawai suna haɓaka inganci da fitarwa ba, har ma suna inganta ingancin samfura, rage yawan amfani da makamashi, da kuma taimakawa masana'antu su cika ƙa'idodin kariyar muhalli. Waɗannan sinadarai na iya:
- Inganta ingantaccen bayani da tasirin rabuwar ruwa mai ƙarfi.
- Hana girman ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ruwan 'ya'yan itace da syrup.
- Inganta tasirin canza launi na sukari mai farin granulated mai ƙarfi.
- Kula da samuwar kumfa da ƙura a cikin na'urar evaporator da na'urar evaporator.
Wannan labarin ya ɗauki rake a matsayin misali don taƙaita tsarin yin sukari gaba ɗaya. Ya kuma bayyana yadda aka yi amfani da sinadarai daban-daban - flocculants, magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta, masu canza launi da masu cire kumfa - a kowane mataki don tabbatar da aiki cikin sauƙi da kuma samar da sukari mai inganci.
Tsarin Samar da Sukari da Amfani da Sinadarai
Shirye-shiryen Kayan Danye
Samar da sukari yana farawa ne da tattarawa da shirya kayan da aka yi amfani da su. Ana wanke rake da yankewa don cire ƙasa, duwatsu da ganye. A wannan matakin, idan aka bar ruwan ya tsaya na dogon lokaci, zai fara haifar da ƙwayoyin cuta. Don rage nauyin ƙwayoyin cuta a saman kayan da aka yi amfani da su, hana gurɓatar ruwan sukari ko lalacewa yayin aikin saccharification, wani lokacin ana shafa magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta a saman rake, ruwan ajiya ko kayan tsaftacewa.
| Nau'in Maganin Cuta | Shawarar Mai da Hankali | Hanyar Aikace-aikace | Babban Ayyuka | Matakan kariya | Fa'idodi |
| Sodium Hypochlorite (NaClO2) | Chlorine mara 50–200 ppm | Fesa ko jiƙa saman rake na tsawon mintuna 5-10 | Bakararre mai faɗi, yana rage nauyin ƙwayoyin cuta | A kula da yawan sinadarin chlorine (galibi babu chlorine 50-200 ppm). A guji yawan sinadarin chlorine a cikin ruwan domin hana matsalar launi ko lu'ulu'u. A wanke ko a tace bayan amfani idan ya cancanta. | Barewa mai faɗi; ƙarancin farashi. |
| Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate (SDIC) | Chlorine mara 50–150 ppm | Fesa ko jiƙa saman rake na tsawon mintuna 5-10 | Babban kwanciyar hankali, ingantaccen amfani da sterilization | Sarrafa sinadarin chlorine kyauta don guje wa shafar launin ruwan 'ya'yan itace da kuma ƙara masa launin ruwan. | Ya fi sodium hypochlorite kwanciyar hankali; inganci mai yawa; chlorine mai sarrafa kansa; ana amfani da shi sosai a cikin yanayin sarrafa abinci. |
| Hydrogen Peroxide (H₂O₂) | 0.1%–0.5% | An ƙara shi cikin ruwan tsaftacewa ko feshi a saman ruwa | Bacewa, babu ragowar da ya rage, mai kyau ga muhalli | Daidaito mai kyau; yawanci 0.1–0.5% don maganin saman jiki. A kula da shi yayin aiki. | Yana narkewa ba tare da wani abu da ya rage ba; lafiya kuma yana da kyau ga muhalli. |
| Ruwan Zafi / Tururi | Ruwan zafi a 80–90°C ko tururi a 100°C | Kurkura da ruwan zafi ko maganin tururi na tsawon minti 2-5 | Yin amfani da sinadarai ba tare da ƙara sinadarai ba | Yawan amfani da makamashi; yana buƙatar kayan aiki masu dacewa; kiyaye matakan tsaro. | Babu ƙarin sinadarai; yana rage ragowar sinadarai. |
| Tsaftace Shuke-shuke/Masana'antu Ruwan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta | SDIC, 50–100 ppm | Tsaftace kayan aiki, jigilar ababen hawa | Yana hana gurɓatawa ta biyu | A rika maye gurbinsa akai-akai da kuma lura da yawan sinadarin chlorine da ba ya cikinsa. | — |
Shawarar Aikin
Idan rake ya shiga masana'antar, ana wanke shi da ruwa mai tsafta domin cire ƙasa da datti.
Sannan, ana yin fesa sinadarin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta ta saman jiki ta hanyar fesa sinadarin SDIC ko sodium hypochlorite mai ƙarancin maida hankali bisa ga yanayin da aka tsara.
Ya kamata a riƙa tsaftace hanyoyin ruwa da kayan aikin tsaftace masana'antar sukari akai-akai domin tabbatar da tsaftar muhalli gaba ɗaya.
Cire Ruwan 'Ya'yan Itace
Bayan matakin farko na tsaftacewa da tsaftace jiki. Mataki na gaba shine a cire ruwan rake. Yawanci ana fitar da ruwan rake ta hanyar amfani da na'urar matsewa ko tsarin yaɗawa. Wannan matakin ya ƙunshi karya tsarin rake mai tauri da kuma cire ruwan rake daga ciki.
A mafi yawan lokuta, injin juicer na rake yana ƙunshe da injin niƙa guda uku tare da injin chopper ko ruwan wukake masu juyawa. Bayan an sarrafa rake a kan bel ɗin jigilar kaya ɗaya, za a kai shi wani bel ɗin jigilar kaya don fitar da ƙarin ruwan 'ya'yan itace. Duk da haka, kafin jigilar kaya, za a fara yayyafa ruwa don ƙara fitar da ruwan. Sauran da aka bari bayan an yi amfani da ruwan ana kiransa bagasse.
Ruwan 'ya'yan itace yana ɗauke da ƙazanta mai narkewa da kuma wanda aka dakatar, gami da zare-zaren tsirrai, sunadarai har ma da barbashin ƙasa waɗanda aka wanke gaba ɗaya. Dole ne a yi wa waɗannan ƙazanta magani don haɓaka ingancin haske da kuma ƙara haske daga baya.
Bayyana Ruwan Rake
Fahimtar ruwan 'ya'yan itace shine mafi mahimmancin mataki a farkon matakin yin sukari. Manufar ita ce a cire ƙazanta (kamar ƙasa, furotin, colloid, acid na halitta, da sauransu) daga ruwan rake da kuma inganta tsarkinsa. Gabaɗaya, ana amfani da Tsarin Lime, tare da hanyar flotation na phosphorus ko hanyar carbonation.
Amfani da sinadarai
Lemun tsami (CaO)/madarar lemun tsami (Ca(OH)2) : Yana rage sinadarin acid kuma yana haifar da ƙazanta.
Carbon dioxide (CO2)2) (wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin hanyar carbonation): Yana amsawa da lemun tsami don samar da sinadarin calcium carbonate, wanda ke shanye ƙazanta.
Taimakon Flocculant/coagulant: Yana taimakawa wajen daidaita daskararrun abubuwa cikin sauri.
Ana amfani da su akai-akai: Polyaluminium chloride (PAC), polyacrylamide (PAM), da sauransu.
Sulfur (SO2)2) ko sodium sulfite: Yana taka rawa wajen yin bleach, canza launi da kuma tsarkakewa a cikin flotation na phosphorus.
Tacewa da dumamawa
Bayan an yi bayani, ana buƙatar a tace ruwan domin a cire laka. A kunna ruwan kafin ya ƙafe yana da matuƙar muhimmanci, domin yana taimakawa wajen rage ɗanɗanon ruwan kuma yana hana ƙwayoyin cuta girma.
Tururi da Tattarawa
Sannan a mayar da ruwan 'ya'yan itacen a cikin ruwan syrup ta amfani da na'urar fitar da iska mai tasiri da yawa, wanda ke rage yawan danshi daga kusan kashi 85% zuwa kashi 30-40%. Tacewar injin yana taimakawa wajen kiyaye ingancin sukari, amma kuma yana haifar da wasu ƙalubalen aiki:
- Sunadaran da suka narke da kuma sinadaran da ke haifar da kumfa suna haifar da samuwar kumfa.
- Gina sikelin a saman na'urar evaporator.
Aikace-aikacen Sinadarai:
Na'urorin Busar da Kumfa: Na'urorin busar da kumfa masu tushen silicone don rage kumfa mai zafi. Na'urorin busar da kumfa masu tushen polyether da barasa masu dacewa da tsarin ruwan 'ya'yan itace mai matsakaicin kumfa.
Masu Hana Sikeli/Rarraba Sikeli: Hana samuwar sikelin calcium carbonate ko sulfate a cikin na'urar fitar da iska.
Tasiri: Ingantaccen tsarin kula da kumfa da kuma hana sikelin yana tabbatar da fitar da iska mai kyau, ingantaccen canja wurin zafi, da kuma ƙarancin lokacin aiki.
Ginawar kristal
Tsarin lu'ulu'u a fannin samar da sukari (wanda galibi ake kira tafasa a masana'antar) muhimmin mataki ne na canza ruwan sukari mai yawa zuwa lu'ulu'u masu tauri. Ana tafasa ruwan da aka tattara a cikin injin daskarewa don fara lu'ulu'u masu tauri. Lu'ulu'u masu kyau suna da mahimmanci don samar da sukari, girman lu'ulu'u, da launi. Wannan tsari ne mai rikitarwa na kimiyyar lissafi wanda aka tsara don sarrafa girma da daidaiton lu'ulu'u masu tauri.
Sau da yawa ana amfani da na'urorin cire kumfa a wannan tsari. Na'urorin cire kumfa suna sarrafa samuwar kumfa yayin tafasa, wanda hakan ke hana ruwa gudu a cikin ruwan.
Tsarin crystallization yana ƙara yawan sukari kuma yana rage asara yayin centrifugation.
Tsarin Tsaftacewa da Rabuwa
Bayan samuwar lu'ulu'u, ana raba lu'ulu'u daga lu'ulu'u ta amfani da na'urar centrifuge sannan a busar da su ta bututun zafi. Ana iya ƙara sarrafa lu'ulu'u don samar da ethanol, abincin dabbobi, ko wasu amfani.
Gyaran launi da kuma gyarawa
Sauya launi da tacewa shine mataki na ƙarshe a cikin tsarin yin sukari, wanda galibi ana amfani da shi wajen samar da sukari mai tsabta, fari mai tsafta (kamar sukari mai launin ruwan kasa ko sukari mai launin ruwan kasa). Wannan matakin yana buƙatar amfani da adadi mai yawa na sinadarai da abubuwan da ke shiga jiki.
Sinadaran da aka fi amfani da su sun haɗa da:
Carbon da aka kunna (foda ko granules): Yana shaye polyphenols, caramel, da sauran launuka.
Rage launin resins/ion resins: Cire mahaɗan ionic da waɗanda ba ionic ba.
Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂): Yana lalata sauran launuka, yana ƙara haskaka launin syrup ɗin.
Wakilan gyaran launi: Tabbatar da ƙarancin ƙimar ICUMSA da ingancin gani mai kyau.
Wannan bayanin ya bayyana manyan hanyoyin da ake amfani da su wajen hada sinadarai a masana'antar sukari.
Nunin Sinadarai Masu Alaƙa:
Yaya ake magance matsalar ruwan shara daga masana'antar sukari?
Masana'antun sukari suna samar da ruwan shara a lokacin samar da sukari. Wannan ruwan shara yana da inganci mai rikitarwa kuma yana da yawan gurɓataccen iska, wanda ke buƙatar a yi masa magani na ruwa kafin a fitar da shi.
Ruwan shara galibi yana fitowa ne daga wanke-wanke na kayan aiki, tsaftace kayan aiki, samar da ruwan shara na sarrafa sukari, sanyaya ruwan/condensate, da kuma fashewar tukunyar ruwa. Waɗannan ruwan shara suna da alaƙa da yawan COD da BOD (saboda yawan sukari), yawan abubuwan da aka dakatar da su, ƙarfin lalatawar halittu, kuma wani lokacin suna ɗauke da mai da ƙasa. Saboda haka, ana amfani da haɗin hanyoyin - kafin a fara magani + coagulation da sedimentation + maganin halittu + magani na gaba - don magance wannan ruwan shara. Hanyoyin magani na yau da kullun sun haɗa da magani na jiki (kamar sedimentation da tacewa), maganin sinadarai (kamar coagulation da neutralization), da maganin halittu (kamar aikin laka da aka gina da wuraren da aka gina da dausayi).
Wadanne sinadarai ake buƙata don magance ruwan sharar gida daga masana'antar sukari?
Matakan musamman da aikace-aikacen kimiyya sune kamar haka:
| Matakin Jiyya | Manufa | Sinadaran da aka ba da shawarar | Babban Ayyuka |
| 1. Wanke Kayan Danye & Babban Maganin Kafin A Yi Amfani Da Su | Cire yashi, laka, zare, da daskararru da aka dakatar | PAC (Polyaluminum Chloride) | Haɗin jini cikin sauri, cire SS da turbidity |
| PAM (Polyacrylamide) – Anionic/Nonionic | Tsarin Floc, yana ƙara yawan iskar oxygen a jiki | ||
| Defoamer | Yana sarrafa kumfa da ake samarwa yayin wanke rake da kuma cire ruwan 'ya'yan itace | ||
| 2. Daidaitawa & Daidaita pH | Daidaita ingancin tasiri, daidaita pH don hanyoyin da ke ƙasa | Lemun tsami (CaO / Ca(OH)₂) | Yana ƙara pH, cire taurin kai daga wani ɓangare |
| Sodium Haidroksid (NaOH) | Daidaiton pH | ||
| Acid Sulfuric / Acid Hydrochloric | Yana rage pH | ||
| Defoamer | Rage kumfa a cikin kwandon daidaitawa | ||
| 3. Haɗakarwa da Taɓawa (Babban Lalacewa) | Cire daskararru da aka dakatar, colloids, launi; rage COD | PAC / PolyDADMAC / Polyamine | Babban coagulants don turbidity da cire launi |
| PAM (Anionic) | Inganta ƙarfin floc da kuma saurin daidaitawa | ||
| Maganin Coagulant (misali, Magnesium Silicate) | Yana ƙara haske da kuma daidaita aiki | ||
| 4. Maganin Halittu Masu Ƙarfin Jini (UASB, EGSB) | Rage yawan nauyin halitta (COD, BOD) | Karin Abinci Mai Gina Jiki (Tushen N&P) | Kula da ayyukan ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma lafiyar biomass |
| Masu Daidaita pH | Kiyaye mafi kyawun pH (6.8–7.2) don ƙwayoyin cuta masu saurin kamuwa da cuta | ||
| Defoamer | Yana rage kumfa mai alaƙa da biogas | ||
| 5. Maganin iska (Laka mai aiki, SBR) | Ƙara rage COD, BOD, da ammonia | Karin Abinci Mai Gina Jiki (N&P) | Samar da abinci mai gina jiki ga ƙananan halittu masu rai (microorganisms) |
| Defoamer | Yana sarrafa kumfa yayin iska | ||
| Bio-enzymes / Al'adun Ƙananan Kwayoyin Halitta | Yana inganta ingancin lalacewar halittu | ||
| 6. Ci gaba da magani (Idan ƙa'idodin sallama masu tsauri sun shafi) | Inganta tsabta, cire ragowar COD, SS, launi | Polyamine / PolyDADMAC | Ƙarfin cire launin fata da kuma cire turbidity mai ƙarfi |
| PAC | Ƙarin cirewar SS da colloid | ||
| PAM (Babban Nauyin Kwayoyin Halitta) | Ƙarfin ƙarshe da gogewa | ||
| Carbon da aka kunna | Yana cire launi, ƙamshi, da ragowar halitta | ||
| 7. Maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta & Sake Amfani da Ruwa | Tabbatar da amincin ƙwayoyin cuta don fitarwa ko sake amfani da su | Calcium Hypochlorite | Maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta mai ƙarfi |
| Sodium Hypochlorite | Maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta na yau da kullun akan layi | ||
| SDIC (Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate) | Sakin chlorine mai ɗorewa, mai ɗorewa | ||
| TCCA (Trichloroisocyanuric Acid) | Yawan sinadarin chlorine, sinadarin chlorine mai saurin sakin jiki |
Samar da sukari tsari ne mai sarkakiya na masana'antu wanda ke buƙatar cikakken iko a kowane mataki—daga shirya kayan da aka sarrafa da kuma ƙara ruwan 'ya'yan itace zuwa haske, ƙafewa, ƙara lu'ulu'u, tacewa, da kuma kula da ruwan shara. Kowane mataki yana gabatar da ƙalubalensa, gami da daskararrun abubuwa da aka dakatar, launi, ayyukan ƙwayoyin cuta, samuwar kumfa, da kuma tarin sikelin. Ta hanyar haɗa sinadarai masu dacewa a cikin kowane mataki na tsarin samar da sukari, masana'antun sukari na iya ƙara yawan fitarwa, inganta ingancin lu'ulu'u, haɓaka launi, rage asara, da kuma rage lokacin aiki. A lokaci guda, ingantattun hanyoyin magance sinadarai suna ba da gudummawa ga kariyar muhalli ta hanyar ingantaccen maganin sharar gida da rage sharar sinadarai.
Zaɓar abokin hulɗar sinadarai da ya dace yana ba wa masana'antun sukari damar inganta ingancin samarwa, tabbatar da daidaiton ingancin samfura, tsawaita tsawon lokacin kayan aiki, da kuma cimma nasarar aiki na dogon lokaci.